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Saturday, November 17, 2012

Making of 211 / VT4C Mono Amplifiers

Hi!

In this post I will show the construction process of a pair of 211 mono blocks which I assembled during summer.



The circuit of these amps is the same as shown in a series of articles last year, with just some minor improvements. The circuit is shown here.


 
 
The assembly followed the same approach as shown in part 2 of last years posts. It starts with a pair of metal plates shown in the next photo rigged up in assembly jigs:
 
 
 
 
 
In the first step all sockets, connectors and switches are mounted:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Then the paper in oil capacitors:


 
 
The caps are clamped to the metal plate with two aluminum profiles:
 
 


In the next step the high voltage power transformer and output transformer are mounted:




Some initial wiring of the capacitor bank:


The filament transformers are mounted on the bottom side:




Then the chokes are added, 5 in total. 3 for smoothing of the high voltage and separate decoupling of the driver stage. 2 filament chokes for the 211:




Next the interstage transformer, completion of the filament supply, cathode and bleeder resistors and completion of all wiring. All wires carrying high voltage have double insulation. All signal wiring is done with solid core silver wire:



Now everything is ready for an initial test and listening. Afte rthe first tests were ok, the assembly got inserted into the wooden frame:


 

Another test and final adjustment of voltages then the transformer covers can be mounted. The large ouput transformer had to be attached sideways so that the cover (150 * 150mm) fits:




And the bottom lid attached.




The finished amps in all their glory:









Best regards

Thomas

Thursday, November 15, 2012

Tube Box Art, Part 9: Duovac, Silvertone, Rogers

Hi!

In this post tube boxes from 3 brands will be presented: Duovac, Silvertone and Rogers. There was no specific relation between these 3. I just grouped them together since I only have very few boxes from these, so that covering one of them wouldnot be enoug to fill a post.





Let's start with Duovac:





The Duovac Radio Tube Corporation was founded 1929 in Brookly, New York. Quite interestingly, the company is listed as active on this site.




Apparently they made a number of interesting tubes like the 842:



 
 
 
The 842 was presented in last months Tube of the Month article. Just after I published that post, I found this beautiful pair of 842s on ebay. I'm still looking for more of this tube type, also ST-shapes. So please email me if you have any which you would sell or trade.
 
 
 
 
These Duovac boxes have a quite moden look for a design which was copyrighted 1929:
 
 
 

Next is Silvertone, which was not a manufacturer but a brand name of Sears. The tubes have probably  been supplied by RCA. Here a box of a 01A triode:







 
 
 
A Silvertone 45:
 
 


 
The last brand to be presented in this article is Rogers:
 
 
 
 
 
Rogers Vacuum Tube Company was founded 1925 in Toronto, Canada as Standard radio Manufacturing. 1928 it merged with Majestic Corporation of Chicago.
 
The box shown above contains a 5X4 rectifier tube:
 
 
 

The 5X4 is a much overlooked tube. It's electrical characterisitcs are the same as those of the 5U4. It only differs in the pin out. Rectifier sockets can be rewired such that they work with both the 5X4 and 5U4 without any changes. Certainly a tube worth to be covered in detail in a future Tube of the Month article.

A nice feature of these boxes is the seal which ensures that the tube really is NOS:




I hope you enjoyed this post about tube box art. Stay tuned for coverage of more tube brands!


Best regards

Thomas

Saturday, November 10, 2012

Music: Medeski, Martin and Wood, The Dropper

Hi!

After all this talk about tubes and technical stuff, it is about time that I write about some music again. This post is about my favorite Jazz musicians who are still alive: Medeski, Martin and Wood.



Actually it is quite difficult to categorize their music. While Jazz probably fits best, they have a very unike style. They once said about themselves that they don't swing, they groove. This describes it very well. There is not much swing in their music, they improvise a lot. For some people's tastes their music can appear as very disharmonic and hard to listen to sometimes. Some tracks require to be listened to several times to discover their beauty. But they always groove. A lot!

Most of that groove is contributed by the keyboarder, John Medeski. He plays pretty much everything with keys. Mostly organ. He is brilliant on the Hammond B3. Chris Wood grooves along with the bass. He is capable to get incredible nuances out of his instruments. The percussionist, Billy Martin brings in the rythm. He plays anything that you can hit upon.

Medeski Martin and Wood have the ability to carry over their unique style from record to record. Yet all their albums are different and new. Occasionally they team up with guitarist John Scofield who complements them nicely on the album Out Lounder which they recorded as Medeski, Scofield, Martin and Wood.

I picked the album The Dropper as an example, which was released on Blue Note Records in 2000. This album is recorded in the typical Blue Note sound. A bit on the dark side with lots of tone and color, yet very transparent and detailed. The first track opens in a quite wild style. You immediatly hear what they are up to. Large parts of the album appear as if they are improvised, which they probably are. They are famous for their jigs which are entirely just improvised. These musicians are probably the most brilliant improvisers alive today. It seems as if they just start playing their instruments. After a while some kinds of themes materialise and they just groove along. Almost always when I listen to their music, I discover something new.
Side B of LP1 of this albums is a bit calmer than the first one. Some passages almost with some hint of melodies. The first side of LP2 opens with a piece which is dominated by Martins bass play, supplemented by percussion and weird sounds, heavily echoed which creates a beautiful mix along with groovy keyboards. The second track on that side is also very typical. It opens with organ grooves which just give some hints of a melody. But the melody never really develops and they just get carried away.
 



On the last LP side, Medeski shows his skills on the piano in some calmer relaxing tracks.

MMW do a lot of life gigs and they are brilliant at that. I once had the chance to attend one of their concerts in Vienna, which was a blast. I was especially amazed by John Medeski. For some pieces he used what appeared to be a Hohner harmonica for kids. That is a harmonica with keys. He attached a hose to the mouthpiece so he could hold it in front of him and play it like a keyboard. It was amazing what kind of sounds he produced with this toy.

Check out the MMW website for life gigs and news about music releases.

I discovered MMW in New York City, where they are actually from. One of their albums was playing in a music store. I asked an employee of the store about the music which was playing and bought it right away. Most of their albums have also been released on vinyl. The vinyl is worthwhile to get, the records are always carefully mastered and of good pressing quality.

Their music is always extremely passionate. I hope they will tour through Europe again soon. I will visit their gigs again when they come over.

Best regards

Thomas


Friday, November 2, 2012

Trouble Shooting Hum

Hi!

One of the most common problems an amplifier builder has to deal with is hum. There are different possible sources of hum. Trouble shooting a humming bird can be quite frustrating. So I thought I write some guidelines how to approach this. These are meant mainly for power amps. Some of the guidelines can be applied to preamps as well, but generally preamps are more difficult since they need to handle much smaller signals.




If you have sume hum, don't just blindly try any suggestions. Rather use a systematic approach to find the source of the hum and remove it. When someone asks for help on internet forums to fix some hum often a plethora of different suggestions follows without attempting to understand the cause of the hum.

In 90% of the cases hum is caused by a ground loop or improper grounding of the chassis. So check this first. Disconnect the amp from any source and short the inputs. If the hum goes away it is a ground loop in the system. If it still hums check if safety earth and chassis are properly connected. Safety earth should always have a tight connection to the chassis which in turn should have a connection to signal ground. Either directly or through some low Ohm resistor or antiparallel diodes. I prefer the straight connection.

System ground loops are caused by multiple ground connections. For example if preamp and power amp have their signal ground connected to safety earth, the interconnect between them creates a loop, which picks up hum. Have the signal ground connected to safety earth only at one place in the system, preferably preamp.

If the above did not fix the problem, there can be different other causes. A systematic approach should be applied to first identify the area where the hum is picked up. I usually start at the input side of the amp and work my way downstream, following the signal path. Connect the input tube grid to ground. If the hum goes away, the problem lies between input jack and grid (shielding, volume pot, etc). If the hum persists, move up to the next stage until you reach the output tube. This way you locate the area where the hum is picked up. Then check the stage which is affected further.

Common causes: too much ripple on B+, heater without reference to ground. Inadequate filtering of B+ can be easily verified by temporarily adding more filter capacitance. Doubling the last cap at the stage concerned should cut the hum in half. If that is the case, apply more filtering to that stage. In power amps DC heaters are normally not needed for indirectly heated tubes, yet this is the most common suggestion when someone reports a hum problem. More often it is forgotten to reference the heatesr to ground. In power amps this can be done by putting two resistors across the heater line and connect the mid point between them to ground. Even better to slightly bias the heaters positive. This can be done by connecting the midpoint of those resistors to a postive voltage of 20-30V. The volltage can be obtained by a resistor divider from B+ to ground, which at the same time can act as a bleeder. Important to bypass the resistor at the ground side with a capacitor, so that the heaters have a AC referecne to ground. The divider resistor should not be of too high resistance. The maximum allowed resistance between heater and cathode is 20k Ohm for most tubes. Elevating the heaters above ground biases the parasitic diode between heater wire and cathode positively so it won't conduct. This reduces heater-cathode leakage. I apply this technique in preamps. In power amps the direct reference to ground is usually sufficient.

With the above techniques, most of the hum issues can be solved. Of course there can be many more reasons for hum. Poor ground wire layout, coupling from power transformers, etc. Also in these cases the above approach can help to identify the area of the circuit in which the hum is coupled into the signal and narrow down the search. Also be aware that there can be several hum sources, fixing one can reveal another problem which was hidden by the sronger hum source.

Be aware that in some amps just grounding a grid might not be possible. For example in DC coupled stages or if fixed bias is used. In those cases some other means need to be found to remove the signal from the grid. Only try the approach described here if you fully understand how to do it.

This is by no means a comprehensive guidline for hum issues. A hum free amp requires careful planning and layout to start with. Some hum issues can be very tricky to hunt down. But 90% of the hum can be quickly fixed by following the hints mentioned above.

Best regards

Thomas

Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Wie klingt es? Teil 3 - How Does It Sound? Part 3

Hi!

Dear english speaking readers. Due to popular demand I will translate some posts of the past to german. The language of the blog will remain english.

Hier nun die Übersetzung des 3. Teils der Artikelreihe 'Wie klingt es?'

Hallo!

In Teil 1 und Teil 2 dieser Artikelreihe habe ich bereits viel über meine Gedanken zum Klang geschrieben und was ich klanglich von einer Wiedergabekette erwarte. In letzter Zeit wurde ich oft nach dem Klang eines Verstärkers oder auch nach dem Klang einzelner Bauteile gefragt. Dies führte zu diesem 3. Teil von 'Wie klingt es?'.

Es ist nachvollziehbar, daß man Informationen zu einem Gerät oder Bauteil sammelt, bevor man eine Kaufentscheidung trifft. Bei der klanglichen Beurteilung ist jedoch immer sehr viel Subjektivität und Synergie im Spiel. Sehr viele Aspekte tragen zum gesamten klanglichen Ergebnis bei, so dass es schwierig ist den Anteil einer einztelnen Komponente zu bewerten umd deren Einfluss auf den Klang in einem andern Kontext vorherzusagen.

Unter Selbstbauern wird häufig der Klang einzelner Röhren diskutiert. Das wurde bereits im letzten Teil behandelt. Das nächste Bauteil eines Verstärkers, das im Fokus steht ist meist der Ausgangsübertrager. Wann immer nach dem 'besten' Ausgangsübertrager für eine bestimmte Röhre gefragt wird, erhält man eine Reihe von Vorschlägen. Dabei werden oft alle anderen Aspekte der Ausgangsstufe ignoriert. Für jede Röhre gibt es eine gewisse Spannbreite an möglichen Lastimpedanzen und eine noch größere Auswahl an Lautsprechern die angeschlossne werden können. Das alles sollte dabei berücksichtigt werden. Was an einem Lautsprecher sehr gut spielt kann an einem anderen eher mittelmässig klingen. In manchen Konfigurationen kann der zunächst qualitativ schlechter erscheinende Ausgangsübertrager zu einem besseren Gesamtergebnis führen. Es ist wichtig eine ausgewogene und passende Wahl zu treffen. Es macht wenig Sinn den Übertrager zu wählen, der von den meisten bevorzugt wird, solange der Rest des Verstärkers nicht dazu passt. Es wäre ein Fehler den größten Teil des Budgets für einen Verstärker in den Ausgangsübertrager zu stecken und bei Treiberstufe und Netzteil Kompromisse einzugehen. Das ergäbe einen insgesamt schlechter klingenden Verstärker als ein Konzept, mit ausgewogener aufgeteiltem Budget. Es ist besser einen eher günstigeren Ausgangsübertrager einzusetzen und dafür auch angemessen in Treiberstufe und Netzteil zu investieren. Diese tragen mindestens ebenso viel zum Gesamtergebnis bei. Als Daumenregel würde ich empfehlen die Kosten für einen Verstärker zu jeweils etwa einem Drittel aufzuteilen für Ausgangsstufe, Treiberstufe und Netzteil. Ich habe auch schon Verstärker gebaut bei denen ein höherer Kostenanteil in die Treiberstufe floss, als in die Ausgangsstufe. Das klangliche Ergebnis hat diese Wahl in dem Fall belohnt. Der Fokus liegt oft zu sehr nur auf Ausgangsröhre und Ausgangsübertrager.

Wann immer die Möglichkeit besteht Komponenten selbst klanglich zu beurteilen, so sollte man das tun. Viele Leute treffen Ihre Entscheidungen basierend auf Einschätzungen die sie im Internet oder in Magazinen lesen, statt dem eigenen Ohr zu trauen. Die Hörempfindungen verschiedener Menschen variieren mitunter stark. Eine Meinung zum Klang die man irgendwo liest kann von jemandem stammen der völlig andere Präferenzen hat als man selbst. Viele Audiophile legen größten Wert auf die räumliche Wiedergabe und hören auf fast nichts anderes. Für andere ist dieser Aspekt völlig irrelevant und wird eher als künstlicher Effekt gesehen. Andere wollen eine höchst mögliche Auflösung und legen auf gute Detailwiedergabe wert. Dies kann für den Nächsten wiederum eher ablenkend vom Musikgeschehen wirken da er Klangfarben und die Atmosphäre der Augfnahme erleben möchte.

Aber wie soll man anfangen, wenn man keine Möglichkeiten hat viel selbst auszuprobieren und zu hören? Gerade wenn man vielleicht in einer eher abgelegenen Gegend wohnt und wenige Gleichgesinnte in der Umgebung kennt. Dann ist das Internet eine naheliegende Informationsquelle. Das ist verständlich und auch ein Weg um einige Anhaltspunkte zu bekommen. Dabei ist es wichtig Einschätzungen mit gesundem Vorbehalt zu lesen. Es gilt zu verstehen in welchem Zusammenhang und unter wlechen Bedingungen eine Komponente getestet wurde. Man sollte einen Eindruck bekommen welche Vorlieben der Autor hat, passen diese zu den eigenen? Welche Quellen wurden verwendet? Eine Einschätzung die nur mit Digitalquellen ermittelt wurde mag weniger relevant sein für jemanden der ausschliesslich analoge Wiedergabe bevorzugt. Es ist auch zu beachten dass viele zunächst enthusiastisch reagieren, wenn sie was neues ausprobieren und eine klangliche Änderung wahrnehmen. Oft führt die Tatsache dass eine klangliche Änderung gehört wird zu der Meinung, dass es sich um eine Verbesserung handelt. Selten wird ein einmal veröffentlichter enthusiastischer Bericht korrigiert, wenn nach einiger Zeit eine Ernüchterung eintritt und der Tester feststellt, dass die Änderung doch nicht positiv war. Will man sich auf die Einschätzung eines anderen verlassen, so ist es wichtig ein Gefühl dafür zu entwickeln, was er klanglich sucht. Gibt es in der Entwicklung seiner Kette einen kontinuierlichen Pfad, oder wird alles kreuz und quer immer wieder geändert?

Gerade bei Berichten über Unterschiede wie Tag und Nacht die ein Detail angeblich gebracht hat sollte man skeptisch sein. In einer harmonisch und auf hohem Niveau spielenden Wiedergabekette sollten kleine Änderungen den Klang nicht übermässig verschieben, sonst stellt sich die Frage ob das Niveau denn insgesamt wirklich schon hoch genug war um eine für andere gültige Einschätzung abzugeben.

Obwohl ich eingangs hautsächlich über Verstärker und Übertrager geschrieben habe gilt das natürlich auch für andere Komponenten. Besonders bei Vorverstärkern spielen viele Aspekte eine Rolle, wie diese sich in die Kette einfügen. Hier sind die Signalverstärkung, sowie Ein- und Ausgangsimpedanzen wichtig. Dies wird sicher ein Thema für einen weiteren Beitrag dieser Reihe.

Viele Grüße

Thomas